HM studies

  LEADERSHIP   HARRY TRUMAN :-  Is a man who can persuade people to do what they don’t want to do or do want they are too lazy to do and like it . MASSIE :- Leadership occurs when one person induces others to work toward some predetermined objectives.  CHESTER BERNARD :- LEADERSHIP is the ability of a superior to influence the behaviour of a subordinate or group and persuade them to follow a particular course of action. U.S Air Force :- Leadership is the art of influencing and directing people in such a way that will win their obedience, confidence, respect and loyal cooperation in achieving common objectives.  Types of leadership  1. Autocratic  i. Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone else.  ii. High degree of dependency on the leader. iii. Can create demotivation and alienation of staff. iv. May be valuable in some types of business where decisions needs to be made quickly and derisively.  2. Democratic  i. ...

Communication and its Barrier Communication is the art of transmitting knowledge, ideas, information and thoughts from one person to another. The transfer should be such that, the receiver understands the meaning and the intent of the message and give proper feedback.  Importance of communication  • Necessary for planning  • Understanding each other • Establishment of effective leadership  • Increases efficiency  • Basis of Decision Making  • Smooth working of enterprise  • Motivation  • Coordination  Communications Process Communications is a continuous process which mainly involves three elements viz. sender, message, and receiver. The elements involved in the communication process are explained below in detail: 1. Sender The sender or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to the receiver. He is the source and the one who starts the communication 2. Message It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, et...

  Motivation and its Theories  "The force which drives behaviour.” • Direction that is, what a person us trying to do. • Effort that is, how hard a person is trying.  • Persistence that is, how long a person                  continues trying. Theories of Motivation   • Content Theories. • Process Theories .             1. Content Theories   (i) Hierarchy of Needs Theory  Abraham Maslow :-  There is a hierarchy of five needs physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization and as each need is sequentially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Biological and Physiological Needs - Air, food, drink, warmth, sleep, etc. • Safety Needs - Protection from elements, security, order, law, Limits, Stability, etc. • Belongingness and love Or Social Needs - Work group, family, affection , relationships, etc. • Esteem...

Difference between Delegation and Decentralisation  Delegation  :- 1. It refers to granting of authority and creation responsibility as between one individual and another. 2. It is a process. 3. Here, the superior continues to be responsible for the work delegated to his subordinate. 4. It is compulsory for every unit. 5. Here, superior keeps a close supervision. Decentralisation   :- 1. It is the situation which exists as a result of the systematic delegation of authority. 2. It is the end result of delegation  3. It superior is relieved from his responsibility of the work and the subordinate become liable for that. 4. It is optional. 5. Here, the personnel is free to work within the code of conduct. 

  Delegation of Authority  It is an organizational process wherein the manager divides his work among the subordinates and give them the responsibilities to accomplish the respective tasks. Importance of delegation of authority :- • Lessening of Burdens. • Effectiveness in Decision Making. • Better Decision. • Speed-up Decision Making Process. • Tool for Motivation. • Creates a Formal Structure. • Development of Managerial Functions. • Growth of Inter-relationship. Principle of delegation of authority:-   The process through which a manager assigns responsibility to the subordinate to carry out work on his behalf. Process of delegation of authority  :- • Assignment. • Transfer. • Acceptance. • Accountability. Elements of delegation of authority :- • Responsibility. • Authority Power. • Accountability.

AUTHORITY   The power or right to give orders, make decisions and enforce obedience.  The right to exercise power on others is known as authority.  As the basis of planning is clarify of objectives, and As the basis of organization is delegation of authority.  It is the formal right of the superior to command and compel his subordinates to perform a specific task. RESPONSIBILITY   The term responsibility has two different senses in management literature. Responsibility as a duty or task which assigned to a subordinate on the basis of his position in the organization.  Responsibility is also the obligation of an individual to perform the duty or task assigned to him. Let us understand what is responsibility and its characteristics in a detailed manner. DELEGATION   It is the assignment of any responsibility or authority to another person normally from a manager to a subordinate to carry out specific activities such as starting on proper tires during a w...

ORGANIZATION   An organised group of people with a particular prepare such as business or government departments.  An organization is an entity comprising multiple people such as an institution or an association that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment.  • Globalization: - The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.  • Coordination :- The process of organizing people or groups so that they work together properly and well. Span of Management  It refers to the number of subordinates who report directly to a manager.  • A narrow span of control  • A wide span of control  Factors of span of Management: - • Capacity of subordinates. • Capacity of superior  • Nature of work • Communication techniques  • Degree of decantation • Planning • Use of self assistance  • Supervising from others  Differen...

FORECASTING   It is a future event or trend.  It is the process if making predictions of the future based on past or present data that is most commonly by analysis to trends. In business, a planning tool that helps management in its attempts to cope with the uncertainty of the future, relying data from past and present and analysis of trends.  Some assumption based on :-  - Management experience  - Knowledge  - Judgement  - Degree of fit Some are the factors on which forecasting depends :- Whether  Economic  Ensemble  Energy  Probabilistic  Pandemic Situation 

MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES (MBO) A method whereby managers and employees define objectives for every department, project and person and use them to monitor subsequent performance. It is a management practice which aims to increase organizational performance by aligning goals and subordinates objectives throughout the organizational.  MBO (Nature or Purpose) • MBO is concerned with goal setting and planning for individual managers and this units. • The essence of MBO is a process of joint goal setting between supervisor and the subordinate.  • Clarify the hierarchy of objectives as a series of well defined means end chain. Steps for MBO :- • Set Goals The most difficult step.  Specific target and time frame.  Assign responsibility.  Concrete.  • Develop Action Plan For both workgroups and individuals. Course of action. • Review progress/take corrective Action Periodicity. Course corrections. • Appraise overall Performance How are we doing ? Do we...

DECISION MAKING PROCESS  Decision making is the process of choosing what to do by considering the possible consequences of different choices.  It is daily activity for any human being and there is no exception about that. Decision Making Model :- • Identify the decision to be made :- The decision making process begins with a situation or a problem to be addresses or solved. After the identification of the purpose of the decision you realize that a decisions must be made. • Gather relevant information :- Most decisions required collecting pertinent info.  The real trick in this step is to know what information is needed, the best sources of this information and how to go about getting it. • Identify alternatives :- Through the process of collecting information you will probably identify several possible paths of action or alternatives.  • Weight the evidence :- In this step, the baseline criteria for judging the alternatives should be setup.  • Making a...

  PLANNING   Planning is a search problem that requires to find an efficient sequence of actions that transform a system from a given starting state to the goal state. Planning is the starting point of the management process. Proper planning accomplishes the following :- • Managing uncertainty. • Better Focus. • Improves Coordination. • Basis for Control. • Improves Effectiveness. Planning is pervasive at :- • Individual Level. • Team Level. • Department Level. • Corporation Level. Types of planning :- • Strategic Planning. • Tactical Planning. • Operational Planning. Strategic Planning This is long term planning that involves all. The organization's management, areas and its content is relatively general Focuses on broad & long lasting issues that ensure the organization’s long-term effectiveness and Survival This planning is the responsibility of organization's director at executive levels. Tactical Planning When organizations are very large-they-...

  DRY INGREDIENT These are those type of ingredients which are found in dry or powder form of ingredients, like, baking powder, baking soda, bran, brown sugar, bread-crumbs, conning or pickling salt, cocoa powder, corn meal / four, corn starch, cream of tartar, flour, flour for all purpose, flour arrowroot, flour bread, flour cake, flour cat, flour pasting, flour potato starch, flour rice, flour self rising, four whole wheat, granulated sugar, herbs, kosher salt, oatmeal, pearl sugar, pepper, powdered sugar, salt, salt substitute , sea salt, spices, superfine sugar, table salt, wheat germ and yeast etc. Baking Powder  This is a combination of baking soda and an acid and a moisture absorber, which together form a leavening agent. Just the right amount of acid is added to the baking soda so that when the baking powder is added to moist ingredients, there is a reaction that releases carbon dioxide bubbles.  Bran   Bran, the hard outer layer of whole cereal grains such a...

  MANAGEMENT   - Work from others. - Without wasting resources.  - With concerning the changing environment,              and - Social responsibility.  It is the activity of getting things done with the aid of people and other resources. “ It is the process accomplishing through the efforts of other.” Skilled manager can accomplish much more through other than they can through other than they can through their efforts.  Management as art can be defined as systematic body of knowledge which requires skills, creativity, and practice to get perfection.  Characteristics / Features of Management  • It is a process or function that continues and              never ending process.  • It is a social process. • Involves group effort that follow established              principles or rules. • Aims at achieving predetermined objectives. • ...

Evolution of Management/Perspective of Management  A. Classical Perspective  - Economic rationality of employees.  - Motivated by economic incentives.  i. Scientific Management :-                                                Taylor (1856-1915).                                              Gliberth (1878-1972).                                              Henry L Gantt (1861-1991). • Did not appreciate social contact of workers              and higher need of workers.  • Did not acknowledge various among                    ...