HM studies

Communication and its Barrier Communication is the art of transmitting knowledge, ideas, information and thoughts from one person to another. The transfer should be such that, the receiver understands the meaning and the intent of the message and give proper feedback.  Importance of communication  • Necessary for planning  • Understanding each other • Establishment of effective leadership  • Increases efficiency  • Basis of Decision Making  • Smooth working of enterprise  • Motivation  • Coordination  Communications Process Communications is a continuous process which mainly involves three elements viz. sender, message, and receiver. The elements involved in the communication process are explained below in detail: 1. Sender The sender or the communicator generates the message and conveys it to the receiver. He is the source and the one who starts the communication 2. Message It is the idea, information, view, fact, feeling, et...

  Motivation and its Theories  "The force which drives behaviour.” • Direction that is, what a person us trying to do. • Effort that is, how hard a person is trying.  • Persistence that is, how long a person                  continues trying. Theories of Motivation   • Content Theories. • Process Theories .             1. Content Theories   (i) Hierarchy of Needs Theory  Abraham Maslow :-  There is a hierarchy of five needs physiological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization and as each need is sequentially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.  Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs • Biological and Physiological Needs - Air, food, drink, warmth, sleep, etc. • Safety Needs - Protection from elements, security, order, law, Limits, Stability, etc. • Belongingness and love Or Social Needs - Work group, family, affection , relationships, etc. • Esteem...

Difference between Delegation and Decentralisation  Delegation  :- 1. It refers to granting of authority and creation responsibility as between one individual and another. 2. It is a process. 3. Here, the superior continues to be responsible for the work delegated to his subordinate. 4. It is compulsory for every unit. 5. Here, superior keeps a close supervision. Decentralisation   :- 1. It is the situation which exists as a result of the systematic delegation of authority. 2. It is the end result of delegation  3. It superior is relieved from his responsibility of the work and the subordinate become liable for that. 4. It is optional. 5. Here, the personnel is free to work within the code of conduct. 

  Delegation of Authority  It is an organizational process wherein the manager divides his work among the subordinates and give them the responsibilities to accomplish the respective tasks. Importance of delegation of authority :- • Lessening of Burdens. • Effectiveness in Decision Making. • Better Decision. • Speed-up Decision Making Process. • Tool for Motivation. • Creates a Formal Structure. • Development of Managerial Functions. • Growth of Inter-relationship. Principle of delegation of authority:-   The process through which a manager assigns responsibility to the subordinate to carry out work on his behalf. Process of delegation of authority  :- • Assignment. • Transfer. • Acceptance. • Accountability. Elements of delegation of authority :- • Responsibility. • Authority Power. • Accountability.

AUTHORITY   The power or right to give orders, make decisions and enforce obedience.  The right to exercise power on others is known as authority.  As the basis of planning is clarify of objectives, and As the basis of organization is delegation of authority.  It is the formal right of the superior to command and compel his subordinates to perform a specific task. RESPONSIBILITY   The term responsibility has two different senses in management literature. Responsibility as a duty or task which assigned to a subordinate on the basis of his position in the organization.  Responsibility is also the obligation of an individual to perform the duty or task assigned to him. Let us understand what is responsibility and its characteristics in a detailed manner. DELEGATION   It is the assignment of any responsibility or authority to another person normally from a manager to a subordinate to carry out specific activities such as starting on proper tires during a w...

ORGANIZATION   An organised group of people with a particular prepare such as business or government departments.  An organization is an entity comprising multiple people such as an institution or an association that has a collective goal and is linked to an external environment.  • Globalization: - The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.  • Coordination :- The process of organizing people or groups so that they work together properly and well. Span of Management  It refers to the number of subordinates who report directly to a manager.  • A narrow span of control  • A wide span of control  Factors of span of Management: - • Capacity of subordinates. • Capacity of superior  • Nature of work • Communication techniques  • Degree of decantation • Planning • Use of self assistance  • Supervising from others  Differen...